S2 (Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors)
Definition
The Prohibited List class covering peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances and mimetics, including growth hormone, its releasing factors and secretagogues, IGF-1 and its analogues, and erythropoietin-receptor agonists. Prohibited at all times.
Terms used in this definition
Other entries this definition refers to.
What this means for research sourcing
Anti-doping classification is independent of regulatory approval and of research supply: a compound can be unapproved everywhere and still be prohibited in sport. Volta sells for laboratory research use only and makes no representation about competitive eligibility.
Related Terms in Anti-Doping
S4 (Hormone and Metabolic Modulators)
The Prohibited List class covering hormone and metabolic modulators, which includes myostatin-pathway inhibitors and metabolic modulators such as AMPK activators and PPAR-delta agonists. Prohibited at all times.
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing
Samples collected in the window around a competition, as against at any other time and usually unannounced. The distinction decides which classes of the Prohibited List apply to a given sample.
Adverse Analytical Finding
The formal term for a laboratory report identifying a prohibited substance or its markers in a sample. It opens a results-management process and is not by itself a finding that a rule was broken.
Athlete Biological Passport
A longitudinal record of an athlete's own blood and steroid markers, used to detect doping indirectly by flagging departures from that individual's baseline rather than by detecting a substance at all.
Non-Analytical Violation
An anti-doping rule violation established without a positive test, through possession, trafficking, refusing a sample or evidence from an investigation. Several of the best-known peptide cases were decided this way.
Specified Substance
A Prohibited List category for substances more plausibly taken for a non-doping reason, which allows more flexibility in sanctioning. The peptide hormones in S2 are not specified, so the default first-violation sanction is the more severe one.
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)
Advance permission for an athlete to use a prohibited substance for a documented medical condition, granted against published criteria. It normally has to be in place before use rather than claimed after a positive test.
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
The body that publishes the World Anti-Doping Code and the annual Prohibited List adopted by Olympic sport and most national anti-doping organisations. Its rules run independently of whether a substance is an approved medicine anywhere.