S4 (Hormone and Metabolic Modulators)
Definition
The Prohibited List class covering hormone and metabolic modulators, which includes myostatin-pathway inhibitors and metabolic modulators such as AMPK activators and PPAR-delta agonists. Prohibited at all times.
Terms used in this definition
Other entries this definition refers to.
What this means for research sourcing
Anti-doping classification is independent of regulatory approval and of research supply: a compound can be unapproved everywhere and still be prohibited in sport. Volta sells for laboratory research use only and makes no representation about competitive eligibility.
Related Terms in Anti-Doping
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing
Samples collected in the window around a competition, as against at any other time and usually unannounced. The distinction decides which classes of the Prohibited List apply to a given sample.
Adverse Analytical Finding
The formal term for a laboratory report identifying a prohibited substance or its markers in a sample. It opens a results-management process and is not by itself a finding that a rule was broken.
Athlete Biological Passport
A longitudinal record of an athlete's own blood and steroid markers, used to detect doping indirectly by flagging departures from that individual's baseline rather than by detecting a substance at all.
Non-Analytical Violation
An anti-doping rule violation established without a positive test, through possession, trafficking, refusing a sample or evidence from an investigation. Several of the best-known peptide cases were decided this way.
Specified Substance
A Prohibited List category for substances more plausibly taken for a non-doping reason, which allows more flexibility in sanctioning. The peptide hormones in S2 are not specified, so the default first-violation sanction is the more severe one.
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)
Advance permission for an athlete to use a prohibited substance for a documented medical condition, granted against published criteria. It normally has to be in place before use rather than claimed after a positive test.
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
The body that publishes the World Anti-Doping Code and the annual Prohibited List adopted by Olympic sport and most national anti-doping organisations. Its rules run independently of whether a substance is an approved medicine anywhere.
Prohibited List
WADA's list of substances and methods banned in sport, revised every year and organised into numbered classes. Some classes are prohibited at all times, others only in competition.