Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Definition
The process by which cells increase their number of mitochondria, enhancing energy production capacity. Stimulated by exercise, AMPK activation, and studied peptides like MOTS-c and AICAR.
Related Terms in Cell Biology
Cardiolipin
A phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, essential for the function of respiratory chain complexes and ATP production. Cardiolipin damage is linked to aging and metabolic disease. The peptide SS-31 (Elamipretide) selectively binds cardiolipin to stabilize mitochondrial function.
Cristae
The inward folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport chain and ATP synthase are located. Cristae structure determines mitochondrial efficiency. Cardiolipin stabilization by SS-31 helps maintain normal cristae architecture.
Autophagy
A cellular recycling process where damaged proteins and organelles are engulfed and degraded. Important for cellular maintenance and longevity. Fasting, AMPK activation, and certain peptides may promote autophagy.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death — a controlled process by which damaged or unnecessary cells self-destruct. Senolytic peptides like FOXO4-DRI work by re-enabling apoptosis in senescent cells that have become resistant to it.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
A selective permeability barrier formed by tightly joined endothelial cells lining brain capillaries. Prevents most peptides from reaching brain tissue. Intranasal delivery, lipophilic modifications, or small peptide size can help bypass the BBB.
Satellite Cells
Muscle stem cells located between the sarcolemma and basement membrane of muscle fibers. They activate in response to muscle damage or mechanical stress to repair and regenerate muscle tissue. MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) is studied for its role in satellite cell activation.