Peptides for Reference
Overview
4 research peptides are currently studied for reference. This guide ranks them by evidence strength and covers their mechanisms, safety profiles, and current clinical status.
Growth Hormone — FDA Approved
Evidence Rating: A Category: Hormone
Human growth hormone (hGH, somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid protein produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, somatropin) is FDA-approved for numerous indications including pediatric and adult growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, short stature from sma...
Key claims: Treats growth hormone deficiency in children; Treats adult growth hormone deficiency.
IGF-1 — FDA Approved
Evidence Rating: A Category: Growth Factor
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a 70-amino acid protein structurally similar to insulin. It is primarily produced by the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation and mediates many of GH's growth-promoting effects. Recombinant human IGF-1 (mecasermin, brand name Increlex) is FDA-approv...
Key claims: Treats severe primary IGF-1 deficiency; Promotes muscle growth.
Bradykinin — Well-Characterized Endogenous Mediator
Evidence Rating: B Category: Cardiovascular / Vasoactive
Bradykinin is a 9-amino-acid vasoactive peptide (sequence: Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg, MW ~1060.2 g/mol) generated by the kallikrein-kinin system through proteolytic cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen by plasma kallikrein. It is a potent endogenous vasodilator, pain mediator, and i...
Key claims: Mediates ACE inhibitor-associated cough and angioedema; Central mediator in hereditary angioedema (HAE) pathophysiology.
Endothelin-1 — Well-Characterized / ERA Drugs Approved
Evidence Rating: B Category: Cardiovascular / Vasoactive
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino-acid peptide (MW ~2491.9 g/mol) produced primarily by vascular endothelial cells. It is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor known, with effects lasting hours. While ET-1 itself is not used therapeutically, endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) such as bosent...
Key claims: ET-1 is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor; ET-1 pathway is central to pulmonary arterial hypertension pathogenesis.
Related Research News
Insulin-Like Growth Factors: IGF-1 and IGF-2 Explained
Insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 play key roles in growth and development. IGF-1, stimulated by growth hormone, rises 2-3 fold during puberty and acts as both endocrine and local growth factors. IGF-2 supports fetal growth and binds distinct receptors, influencing proliferation and survival.
CJC-1295 with DAC and Ipamorelin: Growth Hormone Research Guide
CJC-1295 with DAC and Ipamorelin represent key compounds in growth hormone research, targeting distinct pathways for GH and IGF-1 signaling. CJC-1295 with DAC acts as a long-acting GHRH analogue with a half-life of 5.8 to 8.1 days, while Ipamorelin functions as a selective growth hormone secretagogue via the ghrelin receptor. Together, they support studies on metabolism, recovery, and body composition.
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin: Growth Hormone Stack Mechanics
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin form the most studied growth hormone peptide combination in research. They target separate receptor pathways to boost GH secretion through the somatotropic axis. This stack produces amplified GH pulses, with preclinical data showing 3 to 5 times baseline levels versus 1.5 to 2 times alone.